Citation Tools | What are Citations | NP's Anti-Plagiarism Website | What do I do with Citations | Why should I write citations for my report | How do I write citations | Why & how do I write content footnotes? | Samples of APA Style | Samples of Harvard Style | Samples of Content Footnotes
Citation Tools
Son of Citation Machine : It is a free easy-to-use tool to help you cite print and non-print resources.
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What are citations?
When you have been given a reading list or have compiled a list of references from your research or other readings, it is essential that you interpret the references correctly. These references to other information sources are known as citations.
In a sense, a citation is like an address to a book, article or other information source. It directs people to find the information source. Citation for a book typically includes: title, authors or editors, publisher, place of publication and date of publication.
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NP's Anti-Plagiarism Website
NP's Anti-Plagiarism Website. Includes NP's current plagiarism policy and practices, style guide and examples for students and staff.
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What do I do with citations?
When doing research, you may need to refer to books or articles mentioned in the readings or found through database searches. These references or citations allow you to expand your information sources by searching for more information on that topic of interest.
The procedure for locating full-texts via citations is termed by the Library as "Following up on Citations".
Read on to find out how to follow up on: Book Citations | Article Citations [Intranet].
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Why should I write citations for my report?
It is important to acknowledge in your assignment or report the sources of direct quotations and of any information not generally known or easily checked. Sources could be in printed or electronic form for written sources, diagrams, maps, or audiovisual materials.
Providing citations or references will give credit to the original author and avoid plagiarism, as well as direct the reader to the sources used such that he may follow-up and analyse the cited author's work.
Read more about citing and plagiarism at the following websites:
Avoiding Plagiarism : Sharon Williams, Hamilton College Writing Center.
Plagiarism : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Plagiarism.org : Provides the latest information on online plagiarism.
Student Guide to Avoiding Plagiarism : How to write and effective research paper: Sandra Rhoten, California State University, Fullerton.
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How do I write citations?
As there are different citation styles, find out from your lecturer the citation style that you should use. Once that is determined, check out the relevant style manual and write your citations accordingly. Be careful to do all your acknowledgements in the same style.
Check out how to cite resources from online guides below:
A Guide for Writing Research Papers Based on Modern Language Association (MLA) Documentation : Capital Community College. Using MLA Style to cite and document sources, this site provides guidelines for many types of resources. See also the APA-style guide
How to acknowledge what you've read (Citing & Referencing) : Monash University. Includes tips on citing and referencing using the Harvard, Vancouver, APA, MLA, IEEE, ASCE styles and more.
How to cite references : National University of Singapore. A good reference guide on how to cite using various citation styles: Chicago/Turabian, American Chemical Society (ACS), American Medical Association (AMA), American Psychological Association (APA), Harvard Style, Legal Style and Modern Language Association (MLA).
How to cite your sources : University of Western Australia Library. Includes sections for citing Internet sources and the various styles - APA, Chicago, Harvard, Oxford, MLA, IEEE, and Vancouver.
ONLINE! : Bedford/St. Martin's. A reference guide to using Internet sources. Covers MLA, APA, Chicago and CBE styles.
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Documenting Sources within the Paper - APA : Empire State College. The American Psychological Association (APA) format requires you to put basic information about your source in parentheses within the text (no footnotes) of the paper.
FOOTNOTES (Page 8) : Bucknell Inforation Services and Resources. Footnotes are used on occasion to supplement an idea from the text of the paper.
Format of footnotes : Online Writing Lab (OWL) : Purdue University and Purdue University. The only reasons you need to use footnotes are for explanatory (content) notes or copyright permission.
Student Guide to Research Papers : Lakewood Public Library.
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Samples of APA Style
Article - From Databases
[Author(s)].- [(Year)].- [Article Title].- [Title of Source],- [Volume],- [Pages].- Retrieved [Date of ----Access],- from [Name of database].
Example:
Neff, Jack (2009). Legal team says Pringles aren’t potatoes. Advertising Age. 80 (19), 1-21. Retrieved June 16, 2009, from Business Source Premier.
Article - From Web
[Author(s)]. ([Year]). [Article Title]. [Title of Source]. Retrieved [Date of Access] from [URL].
Example:
Neff, Jack (2009). Legal team says Pringles aren’t potatoes.Advertising Age. Retrieved June 16, 2009, from http://adage.com/article/news/p-g-legal-team-pringles-potatoes/136849/
Book
[Author(s)]. ([Year of Publication]). [Title of Book] (ed[#]). [Place of Publication]: [Publisher].
Example:
Kiyosaki, Robert T. and Lechter, Sharon L. (2004). Rich dad, poor dad for teens: The secrets about money – that you don’tlearn in school. New York: Warner Books.
eBook
[Author(s)]. ([Year of Publication]). [Title of Book] (ed[#]). [Place of Publication]: [Publisher]. Retrieved [Date of Access],- from [URL].
Example:
Kiyosaki, Robert T. and Lechter, Sharon L. (2004). Rich dad, poor dad for teens: The secrets about money – that you don’t learn in school. New York: Warner Books. Retrieved June 23, 2009 from http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=OxNuPwAACAAJ&dq=Rich+dad,+poor+dad+for+teens:+The+secrets+about+money+%E2%80%93+that+you+don%E2%80%99t+learn+in+school&hl=en&ei=qh7oTsjUH4S4rAerkYC8Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA.
Book Article or Chapter
[Author(s)]. ([Year of Publication]). [Title of Book] (ed[#]). [Page numbers]. [Place of Publication]: [Publisher].
Example:
James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Images - From Web
[Author(s)]. ([Year image was created]). Title of work [Type of work], Retrieved [Date of Access], Year, from [URL]
Example:
[Untitled picture of a suitcase]. Retrieved June 23, 2009, from http://www.global-b2b-network.com/direct/dbimage/50199891/EVA_Suitcase.jpg
Images - From Database
[Author(s)]. ([Year image was created]). Title of work [Type of work], Retrieved [Date of Access], Year, from [URL]
Example:
[Untitled picture of a suitcase]. Retrieved June 23, 2009, from Clipart.com database.
Images - From Photo
[Author(s)]. ([Year image was created]). Title of work [Type of work], Retrieved [Date of Access], Year, from [URL]
Example:
Baxter, J. (2008). Copyright by David Brown [Photograph]. Retrieved 15 January, 2009, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/23682063@N08/3052168711/in/set-72157609787280783/
Information on Web
[Author(s)]. ([Year]). [Web Page Title]. Retrieved [Date of Access], from [Web Site Title]: [URL].
Example:
(2005). Citation. Retrieved May 26, 2009, from Citation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation.
Journals
[Author(s)]. ([Year]). [Article Title]. [Title of Source], [Volume], [Pages].
Example:
Neff, Jack (2009). Legal team says Pringles aren’t potatoes. Advertising Age. 80 (19), 1-21.
Movie/Videorecording - DVD Format
[Producer]. (Producer), & [Director]. Director). ([Year]). [Title] [[Motion picture]]. [Place of Filming]: [Company].
Example:
Bill, Borden, Rosebush, Barry (Producers) & Ortega, Kenny (Director). (2009). High school musical 3 [Motion picture]. California : Walt Disney Home Entertainment.
Movie/Videorecording - Form Web
[Producer]. (Producer), & [Director]. (Director). ([Year]). [Title] [[Motion picture]]. Retrieved [Date of Access], Year, from [URL]
Example:
Bill, Borden, Rosebush, Barry (Producers) & Ortega, Kenny (Director). (2009). High school musical 3 [Music video]. Retrieved June 20, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8_JyEdDD3A
Online Speech from a Government Website
[Speaker(s)]. ([Year]). [Speech Title]. [Title of Event the Speech was Delivered]. Retrieved [Date of Access] from the [Government Website] at [URL].
Example:
Lim, H. K. (2005). "Managing the liberalization process". Speech Delivered at the Association of Banks AGM Dinner, Singapore, 25 Jun 2005.
Retrieved 29 June 2005 from the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) Policy statements and speeches website at http://www.mas.gov.sg/news_room/statements/statements_index.html
Personal Interview
([Person’s name], personal communication, [Date of interview])
Example:
(R. Wilbur, personal communication, March 28, 1968)
Power Point presentation on the Web
[Author]. ([Year]). [Web Page Title] [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved [Date of Access], from [Web Site Title]: [URL].
Example:
Oard, D. W. (2001). Bringing Star trek to life: Computers that speak and listen [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from University of Maryland TerpConnect Web site: http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~oard/papers/cpsp118t.ppt
Sound Recording
[Writer] ([Date of copyright]). [Title of album] [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc.]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different than copyright).
Example:
McFerrin, Bobby (Vocalist). (1990). Medicine music [Cassette Recording]. Hollywood, CA: EMI - USA.
Newspaper Article- From Web
[Author(s)].- [(Year)].- [Article Title].- [Title of Source], [Pages]. Retrieved [Date of Access], from [URL].
Example:
Khalik, Salma. (2009, June 23). H1N1 infections have crossed ‘tipping point’. The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved June 23, 2009, from http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_394119.html
Newspaper Article- From Database
[Author(s)].- [(Year)].- [Article Title].- [Title of Source], [Pages]. Retrieved [Date of Access], from [Name of Database].
Example:
Khalik, Salma. (2009, June 23). H1N1 infections have crossed ‘tipping point’. The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved June 23, 2009, from Factiva database.
Newspaper Article- From Hard Copy Newspaper
[Author(s)].- [(Year)].- [Article Title].- [Title of Source], [Pages].
Example:
Khalik, Salma. (2009, June 23). H1N1 infections have crossed ‘tipping point’. The Straits Times, p. 1.
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Samples of Harvard Style
Harvard citing style
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Quoted paragraph or text:
". . . the final decision must be made by the consituents" (Smith, 1994, 10).
Reference within the paragraph or text:
According to Philip Jones (1995) summer school should be mandated for any student who fails to maintain a C average.
Provide a blanket citation:
3 For further studies supporting Jones's conclusions see Garrett (1999), Farmer and Willsson (1998, pp. 345-78), and Hart, Bennet, and Karloff (1998).
Give Contrasting Information:
2 On the other hand, Smythone (1987) notes a different result altogether in his work, contending that the overall outcome of Rommel’s appeal was negative because external factors like the progress of the war intervened.
Evaluate a Source:
4 While Berker's (1996) summary implies that Kohlberg's theory of moral development is universal and ungendered, he obviously fails to understand or account for the impact of Kohlberg's failure to include a representative sample of females in his study.
Cite a Major Source Requiring Frequent In-Text Citation:
1 All references to Huckleberry Finn can be found in McMichael, et al. (1990), Concise Anthology.
Explain Methods, Procedures, Tools:
5 The original research group for this anecdotal study of childbirth practices in the early twentieth century were women who had practiced as midwives in New York City between 1900 and 1920. They were limited to those who had registered with the city to practice under the aegis of a licensed doctor.