Son of Citation Machine : Landmark Project. A free service that converts raw bibliographic information into proper citations in MLA and APA styles. Covers a variety of formats: books, magazine, newspaper and journal articles, web pages, emails and more.
RapidCite.com is an educational tool provided to users free of charge. The service allows users to easily generate their work cited page, and then export it to Microsoft Word.
When you have been given a reading list or have compiled a list of references from your research or other readings, it is essential that you interpret the references correctly. These references to other information sources are known as citations.
In a sense, a citation is like an address to a book, article or other information source. It directs people to find the information source. Citation for a book typically includes: title, authors or editors, publisher, place of publication and date of publication.
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NP's Anti-Plagiarism Website. Includes NP's current plagiarism policy and practices, style guide and examples for students and staff.
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When doing research, you may need to refer to books or articles mentioned
in the readings or found through database searches. These references
or citations allow you to expand your information sources by searching
for more information on that topic of interest.
The procedure for locating full-texts via citations is termed by the
Library as "Following up on Citations".
Read on to find out how to follow up on:
Book Citations |
Article Citations [Intranet].
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Why should I write citations for my report?
It is important to acknowledge in your assignment or report the sources of direct quotations and of any information not generally known or easily checked. Sources could be in printed or electronic form for written sources, diagrams, maps, or audiovisual materials.
Providing citations or references will give credit to the original author and avoid plagiarism, as well as direct the reader to the sources used such that he may follow-up and analyse the cited author's work.
Read more about citing and plagiarism at the following websites:
Avoiding Plagiarism: Sharon Williams, Hamilton College Writing Center.
Electronic Citations & Plagiarism: Trudy Mercer.
Plagiarism: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Plagiarism.org: Provides the latest information on online plagiarism.
Student Guide to Avoiding Plagiarism: How to write and effective research paper: Sandra Rhoten, California State University, Fullerton.
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As there are different citation styles, find out from your lecturer the citation style that you should use. Once that is determined, check out the relevant style manual and write your citations accordingly. Be careful to do all your acknowledgements in the same style.
Check out how to cite resources from online guides below:
A Guide for Writing Research Papers Based on Modern Language Association (MLA) Documentation: Capital Community College. Using MLA Style to cite and document sources, this site provides guidelines for many types of resources. See also the APA-style guide.
How to acknowledge what you've read (Citing & Referencing): Monash University. Includes tips on citing and referencing using the Harvard, Vancouver, APA, MLA, IEEE, ASCE styles and more.
How to cite references: National University of Singapore. A good reference guide on how to cite using various citation styles: Chicago/Turabian, American Chemical Society (ACS), American Medical Association (AMA), American Psychological Association (APA), Harvard Style, Legal Style and Modern Language Association (MLA).
How to cite your sources: University of Western Australia Library. Includes sections for citing Internet sources and the various styles - APA, Chicago, Harvard, Oxford, MLA, IEEE, and Vancouver.
ONLINE!: Bedford/St. Martin's. A reference guide to using Internet sources. Covers MLA, APA, Chicago and CBE styles.
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Why & how do I write content footnotes?
Documenting Sources within the Paper - APA : Empire State College. The American Psychological Association (APA) format requires you to put basic information about your source in parentheses within the text (no footnotes) of the paper.
FOOTNOTES (Page 8) : Bucknell Inforation Services and Resources. Footnotes are used on occasion to supplement an idea from the text of the paper.
Format of footnotes : Online Writing Lab (OWL) : Purdue University and Purdue University. The only reasons you need to use footnotes are for explanatory (content) notes or copyright permission.
Student Guide to Research Papers : Lakewood Public Library.
Book
[Author(s)]. ([Year of Publication]).
[Title of Book] (ed[#]). [Place of Publication]:
[Publisher].
Example:
Hesen, J., Carpenter, K., Moriber, H., & Milsop, A. (1983). Computers
in the business world. Hartford, CT: Capital
Press.
Creech, P. J. (1975). Radiology and technology of the absurd
(3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Journals
[Author(s)]. ([Year]). [Article Title].
[Title of Source], [Volume], [Pages].
Example:
Heyman, K. (1997). Talk radio, talk net. Yahoo!, 3, 62-83.
Maddux, K. (1997, March). True stories of the internet patrol. NetGuide
Magazine, 88-92.
Article from E-Databases
[Author(s)].- [(Year)].- [Article Title].- [Title
of Source],- [Volume],- [Pages].- Retrieved [Date of ----Access],- from
[Name of database].
Example:
Schneiderman, R. A. (1997). Librarians can make sense of the Net. San
Antonio. Business Journal, ----11, 58+. Retrieved January 27, 2003,
from EBSCOhost.
Articles on Web
[Author(s)]. ([Year]). [Article Title].
[Title of Source]. Retrieved [Date of Access] from [URL].
Example:
Klein, Donald F. (1997). Control group in Pharmacoptherapy and psychotherapy
evaluations. Treatment, I. Retrieved
November 16, 1997 from http://www.apa.org/treatment/vol1/97_a1.html.
Online Speech from a Government Website
[Speaker(s)]. ([Year]). [Speech Title].
[Title of Event the Speech was Delivered]. Retrieved [Date
of Access] from the [Government Website] at [URL].
Example:
Lim, H. K. (2005). "Managing the liberalization process".
Speech Delivered at the Association of Banks
AGM Dinner, Singapore, 25 Jun 2005. Retrieved 29 June 2005 from the
Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) Policy
statements and speeches website at http://www.mas.org.sg/newsroom/speeches.
Personal Interview
([Person’s name], personal communication,
[Date of interview])
Example:
(R. Wilbur, personal communication, March 28, 1968)
Movie or Videorecording
[Producer]. (Producer), & [Director].
(Director). ([Year]). [Title] [[Motion picture]].
[Place of Filming]: [Company].
Example:
Weir, P.B. (Producer), & Harrison, B.F. (Director). (1992). Levels
of consciousness [Motion picture]. Boston,
MA: Filmways.
Sound Recording
[Writer] ([Date of copyright]). [Title
of album] [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc.].
Location: Label. (Recording date if different
than copyright).
Example:
McFerrin, Bobby (Vocalist). (1990). Medicine music [Cassette
Recording]. Hollywood, CA: EMI - USA.
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Quoted paragraph or text:
". . . the final decision must be made by the consituents" (Smith, 1994,
10).
Reference within the paragraph or text:
According to Philip Jones (1995) summer school should be mandated for
any student who fails to maintain a C average.
Provide a blanket citation:
3 For further studies supporting Jones's conclusions see
Garrett (1999), Farmer and Willsson (1998, pp. 345-78), and Hart, Bennet,
and Karloff (1998).
Give Contrasting Information:
2 On the other hand, Smythone (1987) notes a different result
altogether in his work, contending that the overall outcome of Rommel’s
appeal was negative because external factors like the progress of the
war intervened.
Evaluate a Source:
4 While Berker's (1996) summary implies that Kohlberg's theory
of moral development is universal and ungendered, he obviously fails
to understand or account for the impact of Kohlberg's failure to include
a representative sample of females in his study.
Cite a Major Source Requiring Frequent In-Text
Citation:
1 All references to Huckleberry Finn can be found in McMichael,
et al. (1990), Concise Anthology.
Explain Methods, Procedures, Tools:
5 The original research group for this anecdotal study of
childbirth practices in the early twentieth century were women who had
practiced as midwives in New York City between 1900 and 1920. They were
limited to those who had registered with the city to practice under
the aegis of a licensed doctor.
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